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Daim ntawv thov ntawm Xov tooj cua zaus qhia txog tshuab hauv Laminated Ntoo Qhov Rooj
Laminated ntoo qhov rooj ntau lawm txheej txheem cov yam ntxwv thiab kev tswj yuav tsum tau, siv RFID electronic tags daws kev tsim khoom, lub tsev khaws khoom, logistics, installation thiab tom qab-muag teeb meem.
Abstract: Raws li cov txheej txheem ntau lawm cov yam ntxwv thiab kev tswj cov kev cai ntawm laminated ntoo qhov rooj, xov tooj cua zaus identification (RFID) electronic tags yog siv los ua cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim khoom, lub tsev khaws khoom, logistics, installation thiab tom qab muag, thiab ib txoj kab ntsug faib raws li RFID thev naus laus zis tau tsim. Ntoo qhov rooj tsim cov ntaub ntawv nrhiav thiab ua qauv qauv, thiab cov txheej txheem kev siv ntawm txhua qhov kev ua haujlwm module.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm daim ntawv thov ua pov thawj tias cov ntaub ntawv sau thiab ua cov qauv no tuaj yeem hloov cov txheej txheem ob-seem txheej txheem, thiab daws cov teeb meem hauv cov txheej txheem kev tsim khoom ib txwm muaj uas cov cai ntawm ob sab yog yooj yim rau kev qias neeg, rov qab cov lej, cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem nyeem tab sis tsis sau, thiab cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv ploj lawm. Kev tsim cov qhov rooj ntoo Qhov kev ua tau zoo tau nce los ntawm 1.5 min/window rau 1.0 min/qhov rai, thiab lub sij hawm tswj kom tiav tau luv luv los ntawm 10-15 feeb/qhov rais rau 5 feeb/qhov rais, realizing tag nrho kev koom ua ke ntawm ntoo qhov rooj ua, lub tsev khaws khoom, logistics, installation thiab tu. txheej txheem tswj.
Cov lus tseem ceeb: laminated ntoo qhov rooj ntau lawm, RFID technology, integrated kev tswj, IoT RFID technology
Raws li ib tug subdivision ntawm cov tsoos tsev rooj tog kev lag luam, Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam ntoo qhov rooj yog tas li nthuav nws cov lag luam loj. Nrog rau qhov tob ntawm Tuam Tshoj txoj kev hloov pauv digital thiab ntse, nws yog ushering nyob rau hauv ib lub cib fim loj rau transformation, kev kho dua tshiab, thiab innovation thiab kev loj hlob. Tam sim no ntau lawm hom ntawm Suav ntoo qhov rooj yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tsim khoom tsim, cov txheej txheem ntau lawm thiab cov qauv khoom yog qhov nyuaj, muaj ntau hom raw khoom thiab qhov chaw, thiab cov khoom muaj nqi ntxiv. Nws qib kev tsim khoom sawv cev rau qib kev tsim khoom ntawm high-end ntoo khoom hauv Suav teb rau qee yam.
Kev siv xov tooj cua zaus txheeb xyuas tshuab hauv cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov qhov rooj ntoo laminated
Tam sim no, cov txheej txheem ntau lawm ntawm qhov sib txawv ntoo qhov rooj lag luam hauv Suav teb yog txawv me ntsis, thiab cov khoom siv configuration yog hloov tau yooj yim. Cov khoom lag luam zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm ntau lawm yog nyob ntawm qib kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob nyob ib leeg, thiab lub voj voog ntau lawm yog qhov ntev.
Cov tuam txhab lag luam feem ntau siv cov lej barcode lossis ob-dimensional code ua cov ntaub ntawv nqa khoom hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ncig., feem ntau vam khom rau lub Hoobkas MES system, tso siab rau lub network rau kev sib txuas lus, cov khoom yuav tsum tau kuj siab, thiab cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia muaj peev xwm me me, tsuas yog ib txoj kev nyeem ntawv xwb , qhov nto feem ntau puas thiab cov ntaub ntawv ua tsis tau nyeem, uas ua rau nws nyuaj rau taug qab qhov kev nce qib hauv kev tswj hwm kev sib txuas, cov ntaub ntawv thiab ntau lawm cov ntaub ntawv poob tsis raws sijhawm thiab raug, lub warehouse tswj yog chaotic, thiab "yuam kev" feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv logistics thiab installation txuas. Phem, ua rau tsis tsim nyog nkim sijhawm thiab cov nqi khoom siv.
Xov tooj cua Frequency Identification (RFID) thev naus laus zis yog qhov tsis sib cuag tsis siv neeg txheeb xyuas tshuab, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis yog kev sib txuas lus ntawm tus nyeem ntawv thiab lub cim kom paub meej cov hom phiaj thiab tau txais cov ntaub ntawv cuam tshuam, cov txheej txheem lees paub tsis tas yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm phau ntawv, thiab muaj zog applicability rau txawv industrial ib puag ncig.
RFID muaj qhov zoo ntawm lub peev xwm loj, nyeem ntawv ntev, ntau lub hom phiaj qhia, thiab cov ntaub ntawv encryption. Nws tau dav siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam department khw muag khoom, warehouse logistics, kev thauj mus los, thiab kev tsim tsheb.
Tam sim no, RFID tau siv nyob rau hauv qee lub teb chaws txawv teb chaws hauv kev lag luam rooj tog thiab khoom siv ntoo. Piv txwv li, Northway Industries, ib tug paub zoo ntoo rooj tog thiab chaw ua hauj lwm khoom customizer nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States, siv RFID systems taug qab cov txheej txheem tsim khoom ntawm cov khoom; Tau qhov twg los UHF RFID thev naus laus zis tau koom ua ke rau hauv Valede Cambra Hoobkas los txhim kho kev tsim khoom thiab txuag cov nqi tswj; Thomasville rooj tog Industries, ib lub npe nrov American rooj tog chaw tsim khoom, siv RFID network thiab infrastructure los muab cov khoom traceability rau cov khw muag khoom loj.
Tam sim no, muaj ob peb daim ntawv qhia txog kev siv RFID thev naus laus zis hauv kev lag luam ntoo qhov rooj hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws. Hauv kev pom ntawm qhov no, raws li kev tsim cov yam ntxwv ntawm laminated ntoo qhov rooj thiab kev tswj cov khoom yuav tsum tau ua, txoj kev tshawb no yuav siv sij hawm RFID raws li lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm laminated ntoo qhov rooj raug tsim thiab kev tswj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv, kawm txog daim ntawv thov hom ntawm RFID technology nyob rau hauv ntoo qhov rooj ntau lawm kab, thiab tsim lub qhov rooj ntoo laminated raws li RFID thev naus laus zis. Daim ntawv thov qauv ntawm kev sau cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim lub qhov rooj ntoo paub txog cov ntaub ntawv sau thiab kev tshawb nrhiav thiab saib xyuas tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim lub qhov rooj ntoo, kev thauj mus los, installation thiab tom qab muag.
1. RFID system muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kev ua haujlwm
RFID system muaj peb ntu, suav nrog: RFID electronic tag (TAG, transponder), nyeem ntawv thiab daim ntawv thov system.
1) Daim ntawv lo hluav taws xob tau ntim rau hauv lub qhov rooj nplooj thiab muaj ib daim ntawv tshwj xeeb thiab cov kav hlau txais xov tag. Lub chip tshwj xeeb yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau kev txheeb xyuas xov tooj cua zaus. Cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv yog khaws cia rau hauv lub siab nti nti raws li nyeem cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom yuav tsum tau txheeb xyuas. Tus kav hlau txais xov built-in yog siv los sib txuas lus nrog lub xov tooj cua zaus hauv tus nyeem ntawv.
2) Tus nyeem ntawv yog ib qho khoom siv rau kev nyeem ntawv lossis kev nyeem ntawv thiab sau cov ntaub ntawv hauv hluav taws xob. Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog tswj hwm lub xov tooj cua hauv xov tooj cua kom xa cov ntawv nyeem mus rau lub cim hluav taws xob, tau txais cov lus teb ntawm tag, thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas cov khoom ua ke nrog rau lwm cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb hauv lub cim npe rau tus tswv tsev.
Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tsuas yog siv cov ntawv sib cais los nyeem cov ntaub ntawv ua cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov khoom siv kab ntau lawm, thiab siv lub xov tooj ntawm tes nyeem ntawv los tswj cov txheej txheem khoom hauv kev cia, kev thauj mus los thiab kev sib dhos ntawm lub qhov rooj ntoo.
3) Daim ntawv thov system feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom nruab nrab thiab daim ntawv thov software. Cov khoom nruab nrab tuaj yeem sau thiab nyeem cov ntaub ntawv rau tag los ntawm tus nyeem ntawv, thiab txuas tus nyeem ntawv thiab daim ntawv thov software. Daim ntawv thov software feem ntau suav nrog kev tsim khoom lag luam thiab kev tswj hwm cov ntaub ntawv software, xws li Enterprise Resource Management (kev siv thiab cov khoom siv, APS), kev npaj peev txheej ua lag luam (kev npaj peev txheej ua lag luam, ERP) thiab wood processing computer-aided design/manufacturing (wood CAD/CAM, WCC), lwm. Qhov tshwj xeeb muaj pes tsawg leeg yog qhia hauv daim duab 1.
Daim duab 1 Kev sib xyaw ntawm RFID system - Daim ntawv thov IOT piv txwv
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ua haujlwm ntawm lub kaw lus yog tias tom qab lub qhov rooj nplooj ntawv encapsulated nrog cov ntawv hluav taws xob nkag mus rau hauv lub kav hlau txais xov magnetic teb, nws tau txais cov teeb liab cab kuj xa los ntawm pem hauv ntej-kawg (los yog mobile davhlau ya nyob twg) nyeem ntawv ntawm cov khoom siv ua haujlwm, tau txais lub zog xav tau los ntawm qhov induced tam sim no, thiab xa cov teeb liab khaws cia rau hauv lub siab tawv nti. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom siv ntoo, los yog nquag xa ib lub teeb liab zaus. Tus neeg nyeem nyeem thiab txiav txim siab cov ntaub ntawv, thiab xa xov tooj cua yoj lub zog ntawm ib lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb los ntawm tus kav hlau txais xov transmitter los tsav lub transponder circuit xa cov ntaub ntawv sab hauv mus rau hauv nruab nrab cov ntaub ntawv kaw lus rau kev tsom xam.. Thaum kawg, cov ntaub ntawv no raug xa mus rau daim ntawv thov kev pab cuam rau kev ua haujlwm sib xws.
2. Laminated ntoo qhov rooj ntau lawm txheej txheem thiab RFID daim ntawv thov yuav tsum tsom xam
2.1 Laminated ntoo qhov rooj ntau lawm txheej txheem
Lub qhov rooj ntoo laminated yog lub qhov rooj ntoo ua los ntawm veneer, cov ntaub ntawv zoo nkauj lossis lwm yam khoom siv zoo nkauj, thiab lub qhov rooj ncej yog ntim nrog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm qhov rooj. Lub qhov rooj ntoo yog ua los ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lamination. Kev ua tau zoo tus nqi yog ntau dua thiab nyiam los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom. Los ntawm cov khoom siv raw khoom mus rau cov khoom tiav installation, laminated ntoo qhov rooj yuav tsum tau mus los ntawm raw khoom npaj, kev tsim khoom, kev soj ntsuam zoo, ntim, khaws cia, kev faib khoom thiab kev teeb tsa, raws li pom hauv daim duab 2.
Daim duab 2 Kev tsim khoom thiab kev sib txuas ntawm laminated ntoo qhov rooj
Piv nrog cov rooj tog vaj huam sib luag, lub qhov rooj ntoo laminated yog kev sib xyaw ua ke tom qab lub vaj huam sib luag thiab cov ncej sib xyaw ua ke, thiab cov khoom ua tom ntej yog tag nrho, uas yog, ib lossis tsawg heev RFID cov cim npe yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav cov ntaub ntawv sau. Ntxiv rau, cov duab ntawm lub qhov rooj ntoo laminated yog tsau, thiab tsuas yog qhov loj me sib txawv raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua. Nws occupies ib qho chaw me me, thiab vim tias muaj qee qhov chaw hauv lub qhov rooj tseem ceeb, Nws yog qhov yooj yim rau kev ntim khoom ntawm RFID hluav taws xob cim npe. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm laminated ntoo qhov rooj, Nws feem ntau yog xaiv los tso RFID hluav taws xob tag rau hauv lub qhov rooj nplooj tom qab lub thav duab sib dhos thiab ua ntej lub vaj huam sib luag nias.
2.2 Kev soj ntsuam ntawm RFID Application Requirements
Muaj ntau txoj kev tsim khoom ntawm cov qhov rooj ntoo, thiab ntau yam khoom siv tau koom nrog. Txawm hais tias muaj ntau yam khoom siv hauv cov khoom siv ntoo uas twb muaj lawm tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev paub txog barcodes, lawv feem ntau yog concentrated nyob rau hauv plaub-sided sawing ntawm lub qhov rooj nplooj, ntug sealing, qhib kho vajtse qhov slots thiab lwm yam txuas. Kev tswj hwm digital ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem tseem tsis tau paub, thiab kev sau cov ntaub ntawv tsis siv neeg ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem ploj lawm, ua rau kev tswj hwm online thiab tswj tsis yooj yim.
Thaum cov khoom lag luam zoo lossis cov khoom siv tsis raug teeb meem tshwm sim, Nws yog qhov nyuaj los daws nws sai, tsis tuaj yeem lav cov khoom zoo, thiab cuam tshuam rau kev tswj hwm kev tsim khoom. Daim ntawv thov yuav tsum tau ntawm RFID nyob rau hauv txhua qhov txuas ntawm ntoo qhov rooj ntau lawm thiab ncig yog soj ntsuam raws li hauv qab no.
1) Paub txog qhov kev tswj kom pom tseeb ntawm kev tsim khoom. Los ntawm kev siv RFID cov cim npe hluav taws xob ua cov ntaub ntawv nqa khoom, nws muaj peev xwm tau txais thiab sau cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb txog cov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv cov theem ntawm kev ua, kev thauj mus los, installation thiab tom qab-muag khoom nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm thiab zoo, thiab raws sij hawm tuav cov ntaub ntawv kev ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov theem ntawm cov khoom hauv kev kawm, thiaj li txiav txim rau cov thawj coj Muab cov ntaub ntawv txaus txhawb rau kev txiav txim siab.
RFID TAGS
2) Paub txog qhov kev tswj hwm ntawm kev tsim khoom. Kev siv RFID thev naus laus zis kom paub txog lub sijhawm taug qab ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tuaj yeem ua rau cov tuam txhab paub txog cov txheej txheem tsim khoom raws sijhawm., thiab hloov kho cov peev txheej ntau lawm raws li kev txiav txim siab thiab cov txheej txheem txuas, thiaj li ua kom qhov sib npaug ntawm cov khoom tsim tau. Txoj kev no tuaj yeem ua rau kev tswj hwm kev cob qhia ntau dua lean, ntau lawm saj zawg zog, thiab pab cov lag luam ua tiav kev tswj hwm ntau lawm.
3) Paub txog kev txawj ntse tswj cov txheej txheem ntau lawm. Los ntawm RFID technology, cov ntaub ntawv xaj ntawm cov khoom sib txawv, specifications, qhov ntau thiab tsawg, thiab xim ntawm lub qhov rooj ntoo tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas thiab khaws cia, thiab cov txheej txheem ua tiav ntawm cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm xws li qhov rooj nplooj ntawv nias, plaub sab sawing, thiab kho vajtse qhov chaw ua haujlwm tuaj yeem tswj tau los txhim kho kev tsim khoom ntse ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm. qib.
4) Paub txog kev tswj hwm online ntawm cov khoom zoo. Aiming ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm plaub-sided sawing, ntug sealing, thiab kho vajtse qhov zawj ua hauv cov txheej txheem ntoo qhov rooj tam sim no, ntug chipping, hlawv, nthuav tawm seams, khawb, lub qhov, hardware qhov groove dislocation, thiab hom kev ua tsis meej pem yog qhov yooj yim tshwm sim. Cov yam ntxwv nyeem tau thiab sau tau ntawm RFID hluav taws xob cim npe, nrog kev pab ntawm tshuab pom kev siv tshuab, cia li sau cov ntaub ntawv tsis tsim nyog rau hauv RFID cov cim npe hauv lub qhov rooj ntoo, paub txog qhov tsis siv neeg sib cais ntawm cov khoom tsis tsim nyog nyob rau theem tom qab, thiab tuaj yeem taug qab cov khoom zoo hauv lub sijhawm los txhim kho cov khoom zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm ntau lawm.
5) Paub txog kev tswj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm warehousing thiab logistics. Kev siv lub sijhawm ntev kev txheeb xyuas kev ua haujlwm ntawm RFID cov cim hluav taws xob tuaj yeem txhim kho cov ntaub ntawv tswj hwm qib ntawm lub tsev khaws khoom., ceev nrooj txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv xaj thiab qhov chaw cia khoom ntawm cov khoom, yooj yim rau kev soj ntsuam thiab txais cov txheej txheem nkag mus thiab tawm hauv lub tsev rau khoom, thiab txuag qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam, kaw tseg, thiab kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm phau ntawv. Cov khoom lag luam thiab lwm yam txuas. Hauv kev faib khoom, RFID tag technology yog saws, uas tuaj yeem txo qhov poob los ntawm cov khoom tsis raug thiab xa khoom yuam kev, thiab txhim kho kev pabcuam zoo.
6) Txhawm rau ua tiav qhov tseeb ntawm kev faib khoom thiab kev teeb tsa. Kev siv kev nyeem ntawv thiab sau ntawv ua haujlwm ntawm RFID cov ntawv cim hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua kom qhov tseeb ntawm cov qhov rooj ntoo customized hauv kev faib khoom thiab kev teeb tsa., zam qhov tshwm sim ntawm "yuam kev" thiab ua rau tsis tsim nyog nkim sijhawm thiab cov nqi khoom siv.
3. RFID daim ntawv thov hom ntawm laminated ntoo qhov rooj tsim cov kab ntau lawm
3.1 Vertical Distributed Model System Kev tsim kho
Raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm laminated ntoo qhov rooj ntau lawm txheej txheem thiab kev tswj cov khoom yuav tsum, laminated ntoo qhov rooj tsim qauv qauv raws li RFID thev naus laus zis tau kawm. Nws txais cov qauv kev faib tawm ntsug thiab feem ntau muaj peb ntu: cov txheej txheem tswj, txheej txheej thiab txheej txheej ua lag luam, raws li pom hauv daim duab 4. Qhia.
Fig.4 Ncej ntawm vertically faib ntoo qhov rooj ntau lawm qauv raws li RFID technology
1) Tswj txheej: yog hais txog kev cob qhia kev tswj xyuas lub network uas muaj cov neeg nyeem ntawv sib cais thiab cov sensors muaj feem xyuam rau cov khoom siv xws li vaj huam sib luag sib xyaw, plaub sab sawing, ntug banding, thiab kho vajtse qhov ua, thiab ua kom tiav ntawm qhov chaw tswj cov cuab yeej los ntawm computers , suav nrog programmable logic maub los (PLC), computer numerical control machine tool (computer tswj tus lej, CNC), faib cov lej tswj (faib cov lej tswj, DNC) thiab faib tswj system (faib tswj system, DCS) thiab lwm yam khoom siv.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog khaws cia thiab sib cuam tshuam cov ntaub ntawv cov khoom lag luam los ntawm RFID hluav taws xob cov cim npe preset hauv lub qhov rooj ntoo, kom paub txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lub sijhawm thiab cov ntaub ntawv sib koom ua ke ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khoom siv thiab software systems ntawm cov chaw sib txawv thiab cov txheej txheem sib txawv, thiab txhim kho kev tsim khoom. efficiency thiab tswj theem.
2) Txheej txheej: hais txog kev tsim khoom ua haujlwm (manufacturing execution system, MES) tswj thiab taug qab cov ntaub ntawv, ntau lawm, zoo, khoom siv, batch ntawm qhov tseem ceeb thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem tsim.
Cov kev ua haujlwm sib txawv tuaj yeem tsim los ua kom tiav cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws ntawm kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv kev tswj hwm ntawm txheej lag luam, thiab on-site kev tswj ntawm txhua lub cuab yeej ntawm cov txheej txheem tswj kom paub meej cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tas mus li thiab ib txwm muaj. Tib lub sijhawm, qhov rhiab heev ntawm kev tswj ntawm qhov chaw tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm kev saib xyuas cov khoom muag khoom, kev soj ntsuam cov khoom siv raws li txoj cai, kev soj ntsuam kev txhim kho kev tsim khoom, thiab saib xyuas cov xwm txheej zoo, thiab cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas thiab ua tiav cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem xa mus rau cov thawj tswj hwm kev lag luam hauv lub sijhawm tiag tiag rau kev txiav txim siab ntau lawm.
3) Lag luam txheej: feem ntau yog hais txog kev ua lag luam yooj yim uas yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm lub tuam txhab thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom thiab kev lag luam, suav nrog kev tswj hwm kev tsim khoom, kev npaj peev txheej ua lag luam, cov khoom tswj kom zoo, warehousing thiab faib, installation thiab tom qab-muag thiab lwm yam kev siv tshuab. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntawv thov no tuaj yeem txhim kho kev tswj hwm kev lag luam thiab txhim kho qhov tseeb ntawm kev tswj xyuas kev txiav txim siab.
Muab RFID Label Siab RFID Chip Sticker - RF Chip - Tuam Tshoj Electronic Label Chaw tsim tshuaj paus
3.2 Functional module muaj pes tsawg leeg
Raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm ntoo qhov rooj manufacturing thiab kev tswj xyuas logistics, vertically faib laminated ntoo qhov rooj tsim qauv qauv raws li RFID thev naus laus zis suav nrog tsib qhov kev ua haujlwm: txheej txheem tswj module, ntau lawm automation module, khoom zoo saib xyuas module, warehousing thiab faib module, thiab installation tom qab-muag module. Cov modules no tuaj yeem muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb raws li kev xav tau sib txawv, thiaj li paub txog kev tswj kom zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm lub qhov rooj ntoo tsim cov kab ntau lawm.
