Top 11 Embedded System Communication Interfaces for IoT

The top 11 embedded system communication interfaces for IoT include I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit), SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter), 1-Wire, GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output), USB (Universal Serial Bus), Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, CAN (Controller Area Network), RS-485.

The following are the applications of 11 common communication interfaces in embedded systems in the Internet of Things and related detailed introductions:

1. I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit)

Design and Development Company:

The I2C protocol is not designed and developed by a single company, but is jointly proposed and improved by multiple companies and experts in the field of electronic engineering. It has become a widely accepted industry standard and is integrated by many semiconductor manufacturers in their products.

Working Principle:

I2C is a synchronous, multi-master, multi-slave serial communication protocol. It uses two wires (SDA and SCL) to communicate between multiple devices. The SDA line is used to transmit data, while the SCL line is used for clock synchronization. Communication is initiated by the host, which controls the clock line and generates commands to communicate with the slave.

Working mode:

The basic process of I2C communication includes start, addressing, read and write settings, response, data transmission and stop. The host initiates communication by sending a start signal and the slave address, and then reads and writes data according to the read and write bit settings. After each data transmission is completed, the receiving device must send an acknowledgement signal to confirm the receipt of the data.

Hardware structure:

The I2C interface hardware mainly consists of two wires, SDA (serial data line) and SCL (serial clock line). In addition, pull-up resistors are required to ensure that the bus remains in a high state when idle.

Data transmission features:

• Supports multiple data transmission speeds, including standard mode (100kbps), fast mode (400kbps), fast mode upgrade (1Mbps) and high-speed mode (3.4Mbps). * With an addressing system, each slave device is assigned a unique 7-bit or 10-bit address.
• Supports multi-master and multi-slave communication, allowing flexible communication between different components.

Application Areas:

The I2C interface is widely used in the Internet of Things to connect microcontrollers and various peripherals, such as memory, sensors, etc. It is particularly suitable for short-distance, low-rate communication scenarios, such as device interconnection in smart homes.

IoT system communication technology

2. SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)

Design and Development Company:

The SPI interface is also a widely accepted industry standard and is not designed and developed by a single company. It is integrated in many microcontrollers and peripherals to achieve high-speed, full-duplex synchronous serial communication.

Working Principle:

The SPI interface works based on the master-slave mode, where one SPI device acts as a host to control the communication process, including generating clock signals and selecting slave devices. One or more SPI devices can act as slaves, waiting for instructions from the host to respond to data read and write operations.

Working mode:

During SPI communication, the host first selects a slave device through the chip select signal (CS), and then generates a clock signal through the clock signal line (SCK). In each clock cycle, the host sends a data bit to the slave device through the master-slave input line (MOSI), and the slave device sends a data bit to the host through the master-slave output line (MISO). In this way, the host and the slave device complete the exchange of a data bit. Through continuous clock cycles, multiple data bits can be exchanged, thus completing a complete data transmission process.

Hardware structure:

The SPI interface hardware is mainly composed of four lines: MOSI, MISO, SCK and CS. These lines are used for the host to send data to the slave, the slave to send data to the host, generate clock signals and select slave devices.

Data transmission characteristics:

• High-speed, full-duplex communication, suitable for scenarios with large data transmission.
• Simple hardware connection method reduces the complexity of system design.
• Supports multiple clock polarity and phase configurations, which can be flexibly set according to specific needs.

Application fields:

SPI interface is widely used in the Internet of Things to connect microprocessors and various peripherals, such as memory, ADC (analog-to-digital converter), DAC (digital-to-analog converter), etc. It is particularly suitable for scenarios that require high-speed data transmission, such as device interconnection in industrial automation.

3. UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter)

Design and development company:

UART protocol is also a widely accepted industry standard, and its design is not completed by a single company. It is widely used in serial communication between various computers and external devices.

Working principle:

UART protocol is an asynchronous serial communication protocol that does not require a clock signal to synchronize data transmission. Instead, it relies on signals such as start bit, data bit, check bit (optional) and stop bit to identify the start and end of data and perform error checking.

Working mode:

In UART communication, data transmission is achieved by level changes on the data line. Each data frame contains parts such as start bit, data bit, check bit (optional) and stop bit. The start bit is used to notify the receiver of the start of a data frame, the data bit contains the actual data to be transmitted, the check bit is used to check whether there is an error during data transmission (optional), and the stop bit is used to mark the end of the data frame.

Hardware structure:

The UART interface hardware mainly consists of two signal lines: TX (transmit line) and RX (receive line). These two lines are used for data transmission and reception respectively. In addition, other signal lines can be added as needed, such as RTS/CTS lines for hardware flow control.

Data transmission characteristics:

• Simplicity: Only two signal lines are needed to complete bidirectional data transmission.
• Flexibility: Supports multiple data bit lengths, check methods and stop bit length configurations.
• Reliability: By setting the check bit and stop bit, errors in the data transmission process can be detected and corrected to a certain extent.

Application fields:

The UART interface is widely used in the Internet of Things for communication between smart devices, such as data transmission and control between smart speakers and smart TVs, smart lamps and other devices. It is also commonly used for communication between embedded systems and external devices (such as sensors, actuators, etc.).

4. 1-Wire

Design and Development Company:

1-Wire technology was developed by Dallas Semiconductor (now Maxim Integrated). It is known for its unique single-wire communication and power supply capabilities.

Working Principle:

1-Wire devices are powered and communicate data according to a serial protocol. It uses a single data line to complete data exchange and control operations. Each device has a unique factory photolithography ID for identification and addressing during communication.

Working Mode:

1-Wire communication is mainly completed in three steps: initializing the device, identifying the device, and exchanging data. In each timing sequence, the bus can only transmit one bit of data. All read and write timings require at least a certain amount of time to complete, and a certain recovery time is also required between each two independent timing sequences.

Hardware Structure:

The 1-Wire interface hardware has only one data line, plus a pull-up resistor to ensure that the bus remains in a high state when idle. The device is connected to this data line through an open-drain or tri-state port.

Data transmission features:

• Single-wire communication and power supply greatly simplify the interconnection circuit of the system.
• Each device has a unique ID, which is convenient for identification and addressing during the communication process.
• Supports multi-point connection, and multiple devices can be connected to a single bus.

Application fields:

1-Wire technology is widely used in the Internet of Things in scenarios where simplified interconnection circuits are required, such as single-bus IC devices, memory, temperature and humidity sensors, etc. It is also commonly used in scenarios where remote power supply and data transmission are required, such as sensor networks in environmental monitoring stations.

5. GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output)

Design and development company:

GPIO is not designed and developed by a single company, but a general interface standard in the field of microcontrollers and embedded systems. It is widely used in various microcontrollers and embedded systems.

Working principle:

GPIO allows microcontrollers to read and write digital signals, thereby controlling the state of external devices and reading input signals of external devices. GPIO pins can be configured as input mode or output mode. In input mode, GPIO can read the state of external devices; in output mode, GPIO can control the state of external devices.

Working mode:

GPIO works very flexibly and can be configured according to specific needs. For example, in output mode, the switch state of the device can be controlled by outputting high or low levels; in input mode, the state of the external device can be understood by reading high or low levels. In addition, GPIO can also realize asynchronous notification through interrupts and events, and notify the microcontroller in time to process when an external event occurs.

Hardware structure:

The GPIO interface hardware mainly consists of a group of pins, which can be configured as input or output mode. Each pin is connected to the internal circuit of the microcontroller for reading or writing digital signals.

Data transmission characteristics:

• High flexibility: GPIO pins can be flexibly configured according to specific needs.
• Strong control ability: The state of various external devices can be controlled through GPIO.
• Easy to expand: The control ability of the system can be expanded by increasing the number of GPIO pins.

Application fields:

GPIO is widely used in the Internet of Things to control various external devices, such as LED lights, sensors, motors, etc. It is also commonly used for device interconnection and control in smart homes, industrial automation and other fields. Through the GPIO interface, the microcontroller can easily communicate and control other devices to realize various intelligent applications.

Communication is one of the components of the IoT system architecture

6. USB (Universal Serial Bus)

Design and Development Company

The USB interface protocol was jointly developed by many companies, including Intel, Microsoft, Compaq, NEC and IBM. It has become a widely accepted industry standard and is widely used in the connection between various computers and external devices. The computer peripheral interconnection bus protocol jointly launched in 1994.

Working Principle

The USB interface supports four data transmission modes: control, interrupt, batch and real-time. It adopts a master-slave structure. The main controller is responsible for executing the commands issued by the controller driver, and the controller driver establishes a communication channel between the controller and the USB device. USB devices are divided into two categories: functional devices and USB hubs. Functional devices are used to implement specific functions, while hubs can connect multiple USB devices. USB is a bus standard that uses serial communication. It uses four wires (two data wires, one power wire and one ground wire) to achieve connection and data transmission between devices. The USB protocol defines the communication rules and data transmission format between devices, so that different devices can communicate according to unified rules.

Working mode

When a USB device communicates with the host, it first needs to perform an enumeration process, that is, the process of the host identifying and configuring the device. Once the device is enumerated and configured, it can transmit data with the host. During the data transmission process, USB uses differential signal transmission to improve anti-interference ability.
The working mode of USB is based on the master-slave mode. One of the devices acts as the host (usually a computer) and is responsible for controlling the communication process and data transmission. Other devices act as slave devices (such as mice, keyboards, printers, etc.), waiting for the host’s instructions to respond to data read and write operations. During the data transmission process, the host starts the communication by sending a request, and the slave device sends or receives data according to the request.

Hardware structure

The USB interface is usually composed of a controller, a controller driver, a USB chip driver, a USB device, and a client driver for different USB devices. Among them, the controller is responsible for executing commands, the controller driver establishes a communication pipeline, the USB chip driver provides support for different USB devices and chips, and the USB device implements specific functions.
The USB interface hardware mainly consists of four wires: D+ (data line positive), D- (data line negative), VBUS (power line) and GND (ground line). These wires are used for data transmission and reception, power supply and grounding respectively. In addition, the USB interface also has a hot-swap function, allowing users to connect or disconnect devices without turning off the computer power.

Data transmission characteristics

• The USB interface supports a variety of data transmission rates, including 1.5Mb/s, 12Mb/s and 480Mb/s (USB2.0).
• It has a plug-and-play feature, and users can connect or disconnect devices without turning off the power.
• The USB interface also has rich driver support and good interoperability.

Application fields:

The USB interface is widely used for high, medium and low speed devices to communicate with the host, such as keyboards, mice, printers, scanners, cameras, storage devices, etc. It can also be used in embedded systems for high-speed data transmission with other devices.

7. Ethernet

Design and development background

Ethernet technology is a widely used local area network technology, which is based on the TCP/IP protocol for data transmission. In order to adapt to the needs of embedded distributed processing and system Internet access, embedded systems require standard network communication interfaces, that is, Ethernet technology is needed in embedded applications.

Working principle

Ethernet uses the CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection) protocol for data transmission. Before sending data, the device will monitor the carrier signal on the network. If the network is detected to be idle, it will start sending data. If a conflict is detected during the sending process, the device will stop sending and wait for a period of time before trying again.

Working mode

Ethernet devices are usually connected to switches or routers through network cables (such as twisted pair cables, optical fibers, etc.) to form a local area network. Devices can communicate through IP addresses to achieve data transmission and resource sharing.

Hardware structure

Ethernet interfaces are usually composed of hardware such as network cards, network cables, switches or routers. Network cards are interface devices between computers and networks, responsible for converting computer data into network signals for transmission. The network cable is used to connect the network card and devices such as switches or routers. The switch or router is responsible for forwarding and routing network signals to achieve communication between devices.

Data transmission characteristics

• Ethernet has a high data transmission rate, which can meet the needs of large-scale data transmission and streaming media applications.
• It supports broadband connection and can connect multiple devices at the same time to achieve interconnection between devices.
• Ethernet technology is also flexible and scalable, and can adapt to different application scenarios and needs.

Application fields

Ethernet technology is widely used in enterprise networks, campus networks, data centers and other fields. In embedded systems, Ethernet technology is also used to achieve network communication and data transmission between devices.

8. Wi-Fi

Design and development background

Wi-Fi technology is a wireless local area network technology that performs data transmission based on the IEEE 802.11 standard. The emergence of Wi-Fi technology enables devices to perform network communication and data transmission without connecting to a network cable.

Working principle

Wi-Fi technology uses radio waves for data transmission, and devices communicate through wireless signals. During the communication process, the device will perform authentication and encryption to ensure the security and reliability of data transmission.

Working method

Wi-Fi devices usually need to be connected to a wireless router or hotspot before they can communicate with other devices. Devices can be identified and communicated through IP addresses or MAC addresses.

Hardware structure

Wi-Fi interfaces usually consist of hardware and software such as wireless network cards, antennas, and drivers. Wireless network cards are interface devices between computers and wireless networks, responsible for converting computer data into wireless signals for transmission. Antennas are used to receive and send wireless signals. The driver is responsible for controlling the operation of the wireless network card and interacting with the operating system.

Data transmission characteristics

• Wi-Fi technology provides high-speed data transmission rates and can support large-scale data transmission and streaming applications.
• It is flexible, and devices can communicate and transmit data without connecting to network cables.
• Wi-Fi technology also supports broadband connections, which can connect multiple devices at the same time to achieve interconnection between devices.

Application fields:

Wi-Fi technology is widely used in smart homes, mobile offices, public places and other fields. In embedded systems, Wi-Fi technology is also used to achieve wireless communication and data transmission between devices.

9. Bluetooth

Design and development background

Bluetooth technology is a short-range wireless communication technology that performs data transmission based on the IEEE 802.15.1 standard. The emergence of Bluetooth technology enables devices to perform wireless communication and data transmission within a short distance without connecting to a network cable or using other wired devices.

Working principle

Bluetooth technology uses frequency hopping spread spectrum technology to reduce interference and improve the reliability of data transmission. During the communication process, the device performs authentication and encryption to ensure the security and reliability of data transmission.

Working mode

Bluetooth devices usually need to be paired and connected before they can communicate with other devices. Devices can be identified and communicated through Bluetooth addresses. During the communication process, the device uses time division duplex (TDD) for data transmission, that is, the device alternates when sending and receiving data.

Hardware structure

The Bluetooth interface usually consists of hardware and software such as Bluetooth module, antenna, and driver. The Bluetooth module is an interface device between the computer and the Bluetooth network, responsible for converting the computer’s data into Bluetooth signals for transmission. The antenna is used to receive and send Bluetooth signals. The driver is responsible for controlling the operation of the Bluetooth module and interacting with the operating system.

Data transmission characteristics

• Bluetooth technology has the characteristics of low power consumption, low cost, and short-range communication.
• It supports a variety of data transmission rates and communication modes to meet the needs of different application scenarios.
• Bluetooth technology is also flexible and scalable, and can interoperate with other wireless communication technologies.

Application fields:

Bluetooth technology is widely used in consumer electronic devices, smart home devices, medical equipment and other fields. In embedded systems, Bluetooth technology is also used to achieve short-range wireless communication and data transmission between devices.

10. CAN (Controller Area Network)

Design and development background

CAN bus is a standardized serial communication protocol developed by Bosch in the 1980s. It is mainly used for data exchange between embedded systems, especially in automotive electronics, industrial automation, medical equipment and other fields.

Working Principle

The CAN bus uses differential signal transmission and error detection mechanisms such as CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) and error counters to ensure the accuracy of data transmission. During the communication process, the device will use an arbitration mechanism to avoid conflicts, and messages with high priority can be transmitted on the bus first.

Working Mode

The CAN bus allows multiple nodes to communicate simultaneously through a two-wire (CAN_H and CAN_L) bus. During the communication process, the device will send different types of frames such as data frames, remote frames, error frames or overload frames to achieve data transmission and control.

Hardware Structure

The CAN interface is usually composed of hardware such as CAN controller, CAN transceiver, antenna, etc. The CAN controller is responsible for processing the sending and receiving of data frames, as well as error detection and recovery operations. The CAN transceiver is responsible for converting the digital signal of the CAN controller into a differential signal for transmission. The antenna is used to receive and send differential signals.

Data Transmission Characteristics

• The CAN bus has the characteristics of high reliability, real-time and cost-effectiveness.
• It supports multiple nodes to communicate simultaneously without conflicts.
• CAN bus also has strong anti-interference and error detection capabilities, which can ensure the accuracy and reliability of data transmission.

Application fields:

CAN bus is widely used in automotive electronics, industrial automation, medical equipment and other fields. In automotive electronics, CAN bus is used to realize the communication and data transmission of systems such as engine control, body control, chassis control, etc. In industrial automation, CAN bus is used to realize the communication and control of various sensors, actuators and other equipment. In medical equipment, CAN bus is used to realize the communication and data transmission of various medical equipment.

IoT Communications

11. RS-485

Design and development background

RS-485 is a differential signal transmission standard that allows multiple devices to be connected on the same bus and transmit data. The RS-485 bus protocol is widely used in industrial automation and other fields due to its long-distance transmission, multi-device connection, and anti-interference characteristics.

The RS-485 interface standard is not designed and developed by a specific company, but is a widely used differential transmission electrical standard formulated and published by the Electronics Industry Association (EIA).

It allows multi-point, bidirectional communication on one or more balanced twisted pair lines, and is particularly suitable for situations such as industrial environments that require long-distance, high-speed data transmission.

Although specific product implementations may be provided by different hardware manufacturers, the RS-485 standard itself is an open and widely accepted technical specification.

Working Principle

The RS-485 bus uses differential signal transmission, that is, data is transmitted by sending opposite logic levels on two signal lines (A and B). The receiving end recovers the data by comparing the voltage difference between A and B. During the communication process, the device will use half-duplex communication, that is, only one device can send data at the same time, but all devices can receive data.

When sending data, the sending end converts logic “1” and logic “0” into positive and negative levels of differential signals respectively; at the receiving end, the voltage difference between line A and line B is detected to determine whether the received data is logic “1” or logic “0”.

Working Principle

The RS-485 bus supports multi-device connection, and each device has a unique address. During the communication process, the sending device will first send the data frame to the bus, and then the receiving device will identify and receive its own data frame according to the address. The data frame usually consists of a start bit, an address bit, a data bit, a check bit, and a stop bit.

The RS-485 interface supports both half-duplex and full-duplex communication modes, but half-duplex is more common in actual applications. In half-duplex communication, only one device can send data at the same time, while the other devices are in the receiving state. This communication method simplifies line connection and signal control, reduces costs, but also limits the real-time and efficiency of data transmission. Full-duplex communication allows bidirectional data transmission at the same time, but requires more complex line connection and signal control mechanisms.

Hardware structure

The hardware structure of the RS-485 interface mainly includes differential transceivers, terminal resistors, protection circuits, etc. The differential transceiver is a key component for realizing differential signal transmission. It can convert the logic level into a differential signal and send it out, and it can also receive the differential signal and convert it into a logic level. Terminal resistance is used to match line impedance, reduce signal reflection and interference, and improve the stability of data transmission. Protection circuit is used to prevent damage to interface circuits caused by abnormal conditions such as lightning strikes and overvoltage.

Data transmission characteristics

Long-distance transmission: RS-485 interface supports data transmission up to 1200 meters (can reach longer distances under certain conditions), suitable for industrial environments and other occasions requiring long-distance communication.
Multi-point communication: Up to 32 devices can be connected to an RS-485 bus (the specific number depends on the bus load capacity and device power consumption), realizing multi-point communication and distributed control.
Differential transmission: Using differential signal transmission method, it effectively resists common-mode interference and improves the reliability and stability of data transmission.
Low cost: Compared with transmission media such as optical fiber and coaxial cable, the twisted pair used by RS-485 interface has lower cost and is easy to lay and maintain.
Flexibility: RS-485 interface supports multiple baud rate, data bit, stop bit and check bit parameter settings, which can be flexibly configured according to actual application requirements.

Application fields:

The RS-485 interface has broad application prospects in the field of Internet of Things, especially in the fields of industrial automation, intelligent security, environmental monitoring, etc. The following are some specific application examples:

Industrial automation: In industrial automation systems, the RS-485 interface is often used to connect sensors, actuators, controllers and other equipment to realize the collection, transmission and control of field data. For example, multiple sensors are connected to the central controller through the RS-485 bus to realize real-time monitoring and control of parameters such as temperature, humidity, and pressure on the production line.
Intelligent security: In intelligent security systems, the RS-485 interface can be used to connect access controllers, alarm detectors, video surveillance and other equipment. These devices are connected through the RS-485 bus to realize the integrated management and control of access control management, alarm linkage, video monitoring and other functions.
Environmental monitoring: In environmental monitoring systems, the RS-485 interface can be used to connect meteorological stations, water quality monitoring stations, air monitoring stations and other equipment. These devices transmit monitoring data to the central processing system through the RS-485 bus for analysis and processing, providing a scientific basis for environmental protection and governance.
Smart Home: Although the application of RS-485 interface in the field of smart home is relatively rare (more wireless communication technologies such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are used), in certain specific occasions (such as villas, luxury houses and other large residences), RS-485 bus can still be used to connect smart home devices for centralized control and management. For example, the lighting control system, curtain control system, security system and other devices can be connected through RS-485 bus to realize one-button control or scene mode switching.

Overview of Embedded Systems

An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system that integrates computer hardware and software. It is usually embedded in other devices to control, monitor or assist the operation of the device.

Embedded systems are widely used in various fields, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), smart homes, industrial automation, medical equipment, automotive systems, etc.

Application of Embedded Systems in the Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network that connects any object to the Internet through information sensing devices such as radio frequency identification (RFID), infrared sensors, global positioning systems, laser scanners, etc., to exchange and communicate information to achieve intelligent identification, positioning, tracking, monitoring and management. Embedded systems play a vital role in the Internet of Things. As the heart of IoT devices, they are responsible for collecting data, processing information and making intelligent decisions.

In the field of IoT, the application of embedded systems includes but is not limited to the following aspects:

1. Smart Home: Embedded systems enable home devices such as lights, thermostats, security cameras, etc. to be connected to the Internet and controlled by smartphones, which improves the quality of life while also achieving effective energy management.
2. Smart city: Traffic lights, public safety monitoring, environmental monitoring stations, etc. all rely on the stable operation of embedded systems. By collecting real-time data on urban operation, managers can optimize urban resource allocation, improve public safety, and reduce environmental pollution.
3. Industrial automation: Embedded systems are the key to achieving communication and collaboration between machines. Through embedded sensors and controllers, robots on the production line can accurately complete complex tasks, improve production efficiency and product quality.
4. Health monitoring: Embedded devices such as smart watches and health trackers can monitor the user’s physiological state in real time, detect health problems in a timely manner, and connect with the systems of medical institutions to provide users with timely medical services.

Communication protocols and interface technologies for embedded systems

In embedded systems, communication protocols and interface technologies are the key to information exchange between devices. Common communication protocols and interface technologies include:

1. SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface): Serial peripheral interface is a synchronous serial communication protocol with high speed and full-duplex characteristics, suitable for high-speed and short-distance communication scenarios.
2. I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit): Integrated circuit bus is a two-wire serial communication protocol, which is simple and flexible, suitable for low-speed and short-distance communication scenarios, and widely used in communication between microcontrollers.
3. UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter): Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter is an asynchronous serial communication protocol, which is simple and easy to implement, and suitable for low-speed and long-distance communication scenarios.
4. CAN (Controller Area Network): Controller Area Network is a bus communication protocol used in the automotive and industrial fields, with the characteristics of high reliability, real-time and flexibility.
5. Ethernet: Ethernet is a widely used local area network communication protocol, with high speed and stability, suitable for building large network systems.

In addition, there are some other protocols and interfaces, such as USB, Bluetooth, Zigbee, etc., which have their own characteristics and are suitable for different application scenarios.

Future development trend of embedded systems

With the continuous advancement of technology, the application of embedded systems in the field of Internet of Things will be more in-depth. They can not only provide basic data collection and processing functions, but also provide more intelligent analysis and prediction capabilities through machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies. This means that future IoT devices will be smarter, better able to understand our needs, and even take preventive measures before problems occur.

In short, the application of embedded technology in the field of IoT is driving the intelligent process of society. With the continuous development of technology, we can look forward to a more interconnected, intelligent and efficient future.

11 IoT embedded system communication interfaces PDF

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