407IBhodi yesiFundo ye-VGT6 F407 MCU - Ibhodi yoPhuhliso lwe-STM32F407VET6 - Ibhodi yeNkqubo ye-STM32 - China IoT Device Manufacturer

ST Secure Connectivity, IoT yoShishino - Imemori ye-ST NFC kunye noKhuseleko lweChip

ST Secure Connectivity, IoT yoShishino - Imemori ye-ST NFC kunye noKhuseleko lweChip. Ngo-Agasti 15, 2023, kwi-Shanghai Electronics Show eMunich, kuya kubakho imixholo emine engundoqo: uhambo smart, power & energy, I-Intanethi yezinto, kunye noqhagamshelwano.

ST Secure Connectivity, IoT yoShishino - Imemori ye-ST NFC kunye noKhuseleko lweChip

Ngo-Agasti 15, 2023, kwi-Shanghai Electronics Show eMunich, kuya kubakho imixholo emine engundoqo: uhambo smart, amandla & amandla, I-Intanethi yezinto, kunye noqhagamshelwano.

Kumboniso osanda kuqukunjelwa weShanghai Electronics eMunich, I-STMicroelectronics (I-ST) yatsala iindwendwe ezininzi ngesikhundla sayo esibalaseleyo kushishino lwesemiconductor. Lo mboniso we-ST ugxile kwimixholo emine yophuhliso oluzinzileyo, uhambo smart, amandla & amandla, I-Intanethi yezinto & uqhagamshelwano.

Ngaphambi kwe-Intanethi yezinto kunye ne-Intanethi, intatheli yenza udliwano-ndlebe noWang Pengfei, umphathi wentengiso yemveliso ye-STMicroelectronics 'yokhuseleko kunye nesebe loqhagamshelwano. Umphathi uWang wabelane ngendlela iipotifoliyo zemveliso ezintathu zenkampani (NFC, STSAFE, umz) nceda i-Intanethi yamashishini kunye namakhonkco akhuselekileyo .

 

407VGT6 F407 MCU Learning Board - STM32F407VET6 Development Board - STM32 System Board - China IoT Device Manufacturer

407IBhodi yesiFundo ye-VGT6 F407 MCU - Ibhodi yoPhuhliso ye-STM32 F407VET6 - Ibhodi yeNkqubo ye-STM32 - China IoT Device Manufacturer

 

Kwimeko yokukhawulezisa idijithali ye-industrialization kunye nokuguqulwa kwengqondo, izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zetheminali, itekhnoloji yemiyalezo yangoko nangoko, kunye neetekhnoloji zoqhagamshelo ezikhuselekileyo zidityaniswa ngokuqhubekayo kuyo yonke imiba yoshishino ukunyusa kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso, ukuphucula umgangatho wemveliso, kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zemveliso. Inguqu kwimveliso ehlakaniphile iya kufuna inkxaso eyomeleleyo yeteknoloji ye-semiconductor, kubandakanywa ubugcisa obuphambili kunye nezisombululo kuphela, kodwa kunye ne-ecosystem ebanzi. Umphathi uWang uthe i-ST, njengenkampani ehamba phambili yehlabathi ye-semiconductor, ayifezekisi imfuno yemarike kuphela, kodwa yenza ukuba iimveliso zizuze inzuzo enkulu kukhuphiswano olwahlukileyo.

IMarike yeeMveliso zoKhuseleko lwe-STMicroelectronics, Uqhagamshelo olulula noluKhuselekileyo ngakumbi

Njengomnye woovulindlela betekhnoloji ye-NFC, I-STMicroelectronics ibonelela ngoluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso ze-NFC, kuquka iithegi, abafundi, kunye neethegi eziguqukayo zokunceda ikhaya elihlakaniphile, ishishini, intlawulo yeselula, imoto, I-Intanethi yezinto, ukutshaja ngaphandle kwamacingo kunye neminye imimandla. Njengoluhlu olufutshane lwetekhnoloji yonxibelelwano engenazingcingo, Itekhnoloji ye-NFC ineenzuzo ezizodwa zokhuseleko, lula, uxhulumaniso olukhawulezayo, kunye nexabiso eliphantsi. Ukuthatha i-ST25NFC njengomzekelo, olu luhlu lweemveliso lukhuseleke kakhulu kwaye luzinzile, kwaye ingasetyenziswa kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo ze-IoT.

I-NFC esuka kuNxibelelwano lweNdawo ekufutshane ukuya kuTshaja okungenazingcingo

Ekuqaleni, I-NFC yayisetyenziselwa kuphela unxibelelwano olukufutshane nebala, kodwa ngoku inokwandiswa kwizicelo zokutshaja ezingenazingcingo ezingenamandla aphantsi. Kwidokodo, isisombululo sokutshaja ngaphandle kwamacingo se-NFC sasixhalabile kakhulu. Umthumeli wesi sisombululo uqwalaselwe kwisiseko setshaja, usebenzisa umfundi we-NFC ST25R3916B, kwaye umamkeli usebenzisa ST25DV04KC NFC ithegi eguquguqukayo. Ikhoyili efanayo ingasetyenziselwa zombini ukuhanjiswa kwedatha kunye nokubamba amandla kunye nokuqokelela ukutshaja ibhetri.

Single-chip microcomputer - IC integrated circuit - STM32F103CBT6 electronic components distribution list - ST Secure Connectivity, Industrial IoT - ST NFC Memory and Security Chip

I-microcomputer ye-chip enye - Isekethe edibeneyo ye-IC - STM32F103CBT6 Uluhlu lwezixhobo ze-elektroniki - ST Secure Connectivity, IoT yoShishino - Imemori ye-ST NFC kunye noKhuseleko lweChip

 

Ngaxeshanye, Umanejala uWang uthethe ngeenzuzo zokutshaja ngaphandle kwamacingo kwe-ST NFC. Uye wabelana ukuba ukutshaja kwe-NFC ngaphandle kwamacingo kuqala kuzisa uncedo olukhulu kubasebenzisi, kwaye inokuhlawula izixhobo ngaphandle kweplagi ebonakalayo. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ukutshaja okungenazingcingo kuphunyezwe kuphela kwinani elincinci kakhulu leemveliso kushishino lombane., uninzi lwazo lufuna ukusetyenziswa kwee-eriyali zejometri ezinobungakanani obukhulu, ethintela uphuhliso lwezicelo zamandla aphantsi, kunye nesisombululo se-ST's NFC sokutshaja ngaphandle kwamacingo kunceda abavelisi beSixhobo ukuba boyise lo mngeni ngesisombululo esifuna ubungakanani benkqubo encinci kwaye banokusebenzisa i-eriyali PCB eguquguqukayo.. Ilungele iimeko zesicelo ngaphakathi 1 watt yesiphelo sokufumana, njengee-earphone ze-TWS, amakhonkco ahlakaniphile, iiglasi ezikrelekrele kunye nezinye izixhobo ezinokunxitywa. Incinci kwaye inexabiso eliphantsi kunee-eriyali zokutshaja ezingenazingcingo. Ngaxeshanye, akukho mfuneko yokubiza iindawo zoqhagamshelwano, enqanda iingxaki ezinjengokubola kweendawo zoqhagamshelwano zokutshaja eziqhelekileyo, kwaye inokubonelela ngetshaneli yokuhanjiswa kwedatha.

Kubavelisi, Ukutshaja ngaphandle kwamacingo usebenzisa Itekhnoloji yeNFC inokuphunyezwa kwiimveliso ezikhoyo esele zizinzise lo msebenzi, ukuvumela abavelisi besixhobo ukuba benze lula uyilo lwe-elektroniki kunye noomatshini beemveliso esele zikhona kwaye bonge iindleko zemathiriyeli. Abavelisi besixhobo bafuna kuphela ukuqwalasela useto lwesixhobo sabo kwaye bachaze i-NFC njengendlela yokutshaja kwizixhobo zabo.. Eyomsebenzisi, Ukutshaja ngaphandle kwamacingo kwe-NFC kuzisa ukuguquguquka okongezelelweyo kunye nokulula kumsebenzisi wokugqibela, ukubavumela ukuba basebenzise i-smartphone yabo njengomthombo wamandla ogcinayo ukuhlawula ezinye izixhobo ezixhunyiwe kwi-NFC.

STM32F031K4U6 Package QFN - Screen Printing F031K4 Original 32-bit Microcontroller Chip MCU - China IoT Device Manufacturer

I-STM32F031K4U6 Iphakheji ye-QFN - Ukuprintwa kweSkrini F031K4 Original 32-bit Microcontroller Chip MCU - China IoT Device Manufacturer

 

I-TruST25 ikhapha i-ST NFC

Uncedo lwe-NFC luzise izibonelelo ezininzi, kwaye ukhuseleko lwayo alunakungahoywa. Ngawaphi amanyathelo okhuseleko enza i-ST ifake kwi-chip yayo ye-NFC? Xa kufikwa kukhuseleko chips NFC, Utyikityo lwedijithali lwe-ST kufuneka lukhankanywe. Iileyibhile ze-ST zikhuselwe ekwenziweni komgunyathi kusetyenziswa imisayino yedijithali ye-TruST25™, ezisayinwe ngokwedijithali ngoguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo. Ukuchonga ngokulula nangokuthembekileyo ubunyani beethegi zeRFID/NFC. Ngokusisiseko, umsayino wedijithali luhlobo olukhuselekileyo lomsayino we-elektroniki oqinisekisa ukuthembeka komxholo osayiniweyo kwaye ichonge imvelaphi yawo.. Ngokusebenzisa ii-UID ezinotyikityo lwedijithali, abavelisi beeleyibhile banokuqinisekisa ukuba ulwazi olufakelweyo luyinyani. Ukwengeza, abavelisi beeleyibhile banokusebenzisa utyikityo lwedijithali ukunika abathengi indlela yokuqinisekisa ubunyani beelebhile nangaliphi na ixesha., ekwabelwana Umphathi Wang.

I-NFC iya kuzisa impumelelo entsha kwi-Intanethi yeZinto

Ngexesha le-Intanethi yeZinto, izixhobo ezininzi nangakumbi kufuneka zidityaniswe. Nangona iWiFi, IBluetooth kunye nezinye itekhnoloji kunxibelelwano olungenazingcingo ziye zaba yinto eqhelekileyo, uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwe-NFC kule minyaka yakutsha nje kulindeleke ukuba ludlale indima enkulu kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Njengobuchwephesha bonxibelelwano olungenazingcingo olulula nolulula ukulusebenzisa, I-NFC inokongeza ujongano lwangaphandle lonxibelelwano lwamacingo kwizixhobo eziqhagamshelweyo ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu. Ukwengeza, zininzi iindlela zonxibelelwano ezingenazingcingo, kuquka BT / BLE, I-WIFI, LORA, Zigbee, Umsonto, UMNTU, Ithegi ye-ST ye-NFC kunye neemveliso zethegi eziguqukayo zinokunceda ngokukhawuleza ukuseka unxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi. Kwaye yenza lula iindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokusasaza inethiwekhi. Umzekelo, kumakhaya amashishini okanye ahlakaniphile, iinkqubo ezifana nokuskena ikhamera zihlala zifuneka ngaphambili, kodwa i-NFC inokunxibelelana ngokulula ngokucofa nje kube kanye.

I-STSAFE ikhusela imiba yokhuseleko ye-IoT yoshishino

Ukwengeza, Umanejala uWang wazisa iitshiphusi ze-STSAFE ze-STMicroelectronics, oluluthotho lweemveliso ezikhuselekileyo ezibonelela ngesiqinisekiso, iinkonzo zobumfihlo kunye neqonga lemfezeko, enokukhusela ii-OEMs kwi-cloning, inkohliso, inaliti ye-malware kunye nokuphulwa kwemveliso engagunyaziswanga.

STM32F407VET6 Development Board - STM32 System Board

Ibhodi yoPhuhliso lwe-STM32F407VET6 - Ibhodi yeNkqubo ye-STM32

 

Ukwengeza, usetyenziso lwayo kwitheminali yesixhobo sothungelwano selifu ineenzuzo ezizodwa, ukubonelela ngokhuseleko lonxibelelwano, ukwenzela ukuba iinkonzo ezisekelwe kwizinto ezixhunyiwe aziyi kuchaphazeleka kwizinto ezinobungozi okanye ukuguqulwa kwedatha ngexesha lokuhanjiswa.

I-STSAFE-A110 yi-STSAFE-Into ekhuselekileyo yamva nje, ebonisa iimpawu zokhuseleko lwanamhlanje ukunqanda ukukhwabanisa kweeperipherals zokwenene kunye Izixhobo ze-IoT. Esinye isisombululo esiboniswe ngu-ST kulo mboniso lukhuseleko kunye nesisombululo esichasene nenkohliso yeekhatriji zeinki yomshicileli ongaqhagamshelwanga.. Isiphelo sekhatriji esisebenzisekayo sesi sisombululo samkela itshiphu yokhuseleko ye-STSAFE-A110 yokuqinisekisa kunye nokuchasana nokwenza umgunyathi.. I-STSAFE-A110 hardware idibana nesatifikethi seCC EAL5+ kwaye inokubonelela ngokhuseleko olusekwe kwiinkonzo ezilungiselelwe umthengi.. I-ST inokunceda abathengi batshise esi satifikethi kwitshiphu yokhuseleko kwifektri yokhuseleko ye-ST. Ukwengeza, isisombululo sikwasebenzisa itekhnoloji yokutshaja engenazingcingo ye-NFC, ngoncedo lwe-ST25NFC ukuqonda ukuhanjiswa kwedatha kunye namandla ngaphandle kwamacingo, kwaye isusa ngokupheleleyo abafowunelwa abaneentambo, ekungekho lula ukuba ivalwe kwaye iqhekezwe. Xa kuthelekiswa nesisombululo soqhagamshelwano lwemveli, inokoyisa ngempumelelo iingxaki zokungathembeki konxibelelwano olubangelwa kukuguga koqhagamshelwano kunye nokungcangcazela. Itshiphu ingasetyenziswa nakwiibhetri zesixhobo sombane, iibhetri zeselula, njl., ukuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzisi basebenzisa izinto ezisetyenziswayo zokwenyani nezikhuselekileyo. Ukwengeza, iWPC Wireless Charging Consortium ikhuphe umgangatho omtsha owomeleziweyo wokutshaja ngaphandle kwamacingo qi2, efuna ukuba zonke izixhobo ezixhasa ukutshaja ngaphandle kwamacingo ngasentla 5 iiwatts kufuneka zifakwe ngetshiphu yokhuseleko, eya kuzisa impumelelo entsha kuphuhliso lwe-STSAFE. Ulwazi loqhagamshelwano lweshishini kuWhatsApp: +8618062443671

Umshicileli ongaqhagamshelwanga nge-inki yekhatriji yokhuseleko isikimu sokulwa ukwenza umgunyathi

Izixhobo ezingekho mthethweni ezifikelela kuthungelwano kunye nokuphazamisana nesoftware ye-firmware yezixhobo kwinethiwekhi ziya kubangela umonakalo omkhulu kunye neziphumo ezinganyamezelekiyo kwinethiwekhi kunye nezixhobo ezikuyo.. Ngoko ke, ukuqinisekiswa olomeleleyo kwezixhobo kubalulekile. I-STSAFE-A sisisombululo esilungiselelwe iinkqubo ezizinzisiweyo, ukuqinisekisa ubunyani obuqinileyo, ukusekwa kwetshaneli okukhuselekileyo kunye nokugcinwa okukhuselekileyo kwezicelo zokuthintela ubuqhetseba okanye ukukhwabanisa. Ezi zizinto eziphambili kubathengi ukuba bakhe i-ecosystem ye-brand yabo.

stsafe-a110, isisombululo se-turnkey sokukhusela uphawu kunye nokhuseleko lwenkqubo edibeneyo

Ukwakha iinkqubo ezikhuselekileyo nezithembekileyo, I-ST inikezela ngeseti epheleleyo yeeNqaku eziKhuselekileyo ezigubungela izicelo ezininzi ukusuka kwiiplatifomu ezidibeneyo ukuya kumasango kunye neeseva. Ukudibanisa into ekhuselekileyo ye-STSAFE kuyilo kunye nokudibanisa i-STSAFE kwiyunithi yokucwangcisa yoyilo inceda ukuqinisekiswa kwesixhobo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kweqonga kunye nobumfihlo bedatha..

Shintsha ngokulula ababoneleli benethiwekhi nge-eSIM

Enye imveliso ekhankanywe nguMphathi uWang yi-ST4SIM, eyi-ST yokuqala eqinisekiswe nge-GSMA-eSIM (i-SIM elungisiweyo) kumashishini kunye ne-Intanethi yeZinto kunye neemoto. I-eSIM ithengiswa kwi-PCB, ngakumbi kwezinye izicelo zoshishino. Kwindawo yokungcangcazela, imveliso iqinile kwaye ithembekile. I-ST4SIM ibonelela ngesisombululo esandisiweyo nesikhuselekileyo soqhagamshelwano lweselula esinokudityaniswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ukwenza ukuba izixhobo zoshishino ziqhagamshelane nenethiwekhi ngexesha langempela kwaye zitshintshe ngokulula kubaboneleli benethiwekhi abahlukeneyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza koqhakamshelwano ngelixa ukhusela izinto zexabiso Ukhuseleko. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba isizukulwana esitsha se-ST4SIM-201 yimveliso eqinisekiswe yi-GSMA UICC yokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko., esetyenziswa ngokukodwa kunxibelelwano lwe-M2M kwaye inokudityaniswa kwinethiwekhi ezimeleyo ye-5G.

Ukushwankathela, unxibelelwano olukhuselekileyo nolugudileyo luxatyiswe kakhulu kuguqulo lwedijithali lwemizi-mveliso. I-ST, njengomthengisi wesemiconductor ohamba phambili kwihlabathi, ibonelela abasebenzisi ngetekhnoloji ephucukileyo kunye nezisombululo kwinkalo yoqhagamshelo lokhuseleko lweshishini kunye ne-NFC, STSAFE, kunye ne-eSIM njengondoqo. Umbono we-STMicroelectronics kukwenza uqhagamshelo lwe-Intanethi yeZinto lube lula kwaye lulungele ngakumbi ngolu luhlu lweechips., kwaye wenze i-Intanethi ikhuseleke ngakumbi.

Iindaba zamva nje zaseTshayina: i-blockbuster imveliso entsha yokungena kwimarike yezoshishino eziphezulu

Ukungena 2023, abavelisi kuwo onke amanqanaba ekhonkco loshishino kwimarike yolawulo lwamashishini phantsi kwemvelaphi yoShishino 4.0 iya kwenza iinzame ezipheleleyo zokuqhubeka nokukhawulezisa ukuveliswa kwemveliso yemizi-mveliso kwicala ledijithali, ubukrelekrele, kunye nophuhliso lohlaza. Ngokwezibalo zePrismark, iqondo lokukhula elihlanganisiweyo lonyaka kwimarike yolawulo lwemizi-mveliso yehlabathi ukusuka 2019 ukuya 2023 yi 3%, kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba imakethi yolawulo lweshishini yehlabathi iya kufikelela kwi-US$260 yeebhiliyoni 2023. Ukwengeza, ngokwezibalo zeYole Development, ubungakanani bemarike yeNOR Flash kwicandelo lenkumbulo iya kuba 3.5 Iibhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika 2021, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ikhule ibe 4.9 Iibhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika 2027, ngomndilili wokukhula komndilili wonyaka malunga 6%. Kuyabonakala ukuba Iitshiphusi ze-MCU, iinkumbulo ezizinzisiweyo, njl. ngamacandelo angundoqo kwinkalo yolawulo lwamashishini, kwaye imfuno yemarike iyaqhubeka nokunyuka. Abavelisi abaninzi abanyukayo bayakhalaza ukuba babe ngabokuqala ukusungula iimveliso ezinomgangatho ophezulu wokusebenza kunye nokuthembeka okuphezulu ukubamba imarike.. umatshini.

E 2023 IMunich Shanghai Electronics Show ebibanjwe ngoJulayi, umthengisi wesixhobo se-semiconductor ekhokelayo kwishishini GigaDevice (Oku kubizwa ngokuba yiGigaDevice) unoyilo lwemveliso olusekwe kwinkumbulo, iimicrocontroller, abenzi boluvo kunye neetshiphusi zamandla, kwaye ibonisiwe 50 Isisombululo samva nje semali eseleyo, phakathi kwayo indawo yomboniso weshishini kukubonelela ngokuxhotyiswa kweshishini malunga nolawulo lwangoku lwemizi-mveliso, amandla aluhlaza kunye nezinye izicelo zemarike, kwaye ukhuphisane nenani elikhulu labavelisi basekhaya nabangaphandle kwangoko.

I-GD32H7 entsha yokuqala, I-MCU yasekhaya ye-ultra-high-end ejoliswe kwimarike yezoshishino

Owokuqala othwele ubunzima ngokwemvelo yimveliso entsha ye-blockbuster - Iimpawu eziphambili zeGD32H7. Uthotho lwe-GD32H7 yimveliso yokuqala yasekhaya ye-MCU esekwe kwiArm® Cortex®-M7 engundoqo eyasungulwa yiGigaDevice ngoMeyi. 2023. Esona siqhelo siphambili sinokufikelela kwi-600MHz, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-4MB ye-chip Flash kunye ne-1MB ye-SRAM. Idityaniswe nememori kunye ne-64KB L1-Cache yeCache, kunye ne-hardware edibeneyo ye-DSP, I-FPU echanekileyo kabini, hardware trigonometric umsebenzi accelerator TMU kunye okucoca algorithm iaccelerator FAC kunye neminye imisebenzi, ezi zixhobo zakhiweyo zinokuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokusebenza kwexesha langempela. Kwiimeko zesicelo esisebenzayo, njengokuqonda indlela echanekileyo yokufuduswa kunye nolandelelwano lwentshukumo ye iirobhothi zoshishino, njl., kuyafuneka ukulawula i-motor ngobunzima ngakumbi, ukulibaziseka okucokisekileyo nokusezantsi. I-GD32H7 inokujongana ngokuzolileyo nokusebenza kwe-MCU, imisebenzi, ukusebenza ngexesha lokwenyani, isantya sojongano, njl. imingeni emitsha eyenziwe. Ukuthengwa kweemveliso ezahlukeneyo, ulwazi lwentsebenziswano yeshishini kuWhatsApp: +8618062443671

Ngoku, ngokunyuka kwezicelo ezivelayo ezifana neShishini 4.0, ii-photovoltaics, kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla, I-GigaDevice ihambisa ngokusebenzayo kwaye yenza imizamo eqhubekayo, ukwaphula ipateni yemveli kunye nezithintelo zobugcisa kwimakethi ye-semiconductor kwizicelo zamashishini, kwaye uzuze isabelo esikhulu semarike, ebonisa ukuba ubunakho boyilo lwetshiphu yaBavelisi bendawo ephezulu, ukwenza okuphezulu, kunye neemfuno zokuthembeka okuphezulu zihambela kwinqanaba lokuqala, kwaye baye bafumana ukuzithemba kunye namandla okuqinisekiswa kwexesha elide kwimarike kwizicelo ezininzi ezithe nkqo.

Rocker MG995 - Biped Robot - Manipulator Remote Control Car - 55G Wheel Steering Gear

I-Rocker MG995 - Irobhothi eneBiped - I-Manipulator yeRemote Control Car - 55IsiXhobo sokuLawula i-G

 

Abasebenzi kwindlwana bathi iziseko ezitsha, Ikhabhoni ezimbini kunye namanye amasimi yenye yamashishini aphambili iGigaDevice egxile kuyo kwaye icwangcisa ixesha elide.. Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neliza litsha lamandla ahlaziyekayo, I-GigaDevice iyaqhubeka nokuphuhlisa imigca yemveliso efana nememori, iimicrocontroller, kunye neetshiphusi zamandla, kwaye uzibophelele ekudaleni imveliso epheleleyo yoyilo lwendalo, ukukhawulezisa ukuqinisekiswa kwabathengi kunye nemarike, kunye nokuqokelela amava esicelo soshishino, ukuze sikhonze abathengi. Imakethi eyongezelekayo efumana amandla ifaka umthombo wokuqamba izinto ezintsha.

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